Inhlabathi enwebekayo imelela enye yezinselelo ezinkulu kakhulu zobunjiniyela bomhlaba ezibhekana nonjiniyela bomphakathi, ochwepheshe bokwakha, kanye nabathuthukisi bezakhiwo emhlabeni wonke. Le nhlabathi eyinkinga, equkethe amaminerali obumba afana ne-montmorillonite enza izinguquko ezinkulu zomthamo lapho umswakama ushintsha, idala umonakalo wezakhiwo olinganiselwa ezigidini zamadola ngonyaka kumaphrojekthi ezindlu, ezohwebo, nengqalasizinda. Lapho inhlabathi enobumba olunwebekayo imunca amanzi, iyakhukhumala kakhulu, ikhiqize ingcindezi enkulu yokuphakamisa ezisekelweni, ematafuleni, nasemigwaqweni; ngokuphambene, lapho le nhlabathi yoma, iyashwabana futhi iqhekeke, okuholela ekuhlalisweni okungalingani kanye nokulimala okukhulu kwesakhiwo. Ukungaqikeleleki kwalezi zinguquko zomthamo kwenza izindlela ezijwayelekile zokwakha zingathembeki, yingakho imboni iye yaphendukela ezixazululweni ze-geosynthetic njengendlela ethembekile, engabizi kakhulu, futhi ehlala isikhathi eside yokunciphisa izingozi ezihambisana nezimo zenhlabathi enwebekayo. E-Geofantex Geosynthetics, sichithe iminyaka yocwaningo nokuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza izinto ze-geosynthetic ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezibhekana nalezi zinselele ngqo, sinikeza onjiniyela amathuluzi obuchwepheshe abawadingayo ukuze bakhe ngokuphephile nangokuqhubekayo ngisho nasezimeni zomhlaba ezinzima kakhulu.

Inhlabathi evuzayo (expansive soils) ichazwa njengezinto zomhlaba ezinobumba (clay-rich earth materials) ezibonisa izinguquko ezinkulu zomthamo ngenxa yokushintsha komanzi aqukethwe, ukuziphatha okuvela ngqo ekwakhekeni kwekristalu yamaminerali obumba lwe-smectite, ikakhulukazi i-montmorillonite, enekhono eliphakeme kakhulu lokushintshanisa ama-cation kanye nendawo enkulu kakhulu eheha futhi igcine amanzi phakathi kwezingqimba zayo zelathisi. Lapho lawa maminerali obumba ethintana nomswakama, amanzi adonselwa ezikhaleni eziphakathi kwezingqimba, okwenza ikristalu livuleke futhi umhlaba wonke uvuvukele ngamandla amakhulu; ngezikhathi zomile, amanzi ayakhishwa futhi inhlabathi iyancipha, idale imifantu ejulile yokomisa engadlulela amamitha ambalwa ngaphansi komhlaba. Umfutho wokuvuvukala okwenziwa ubumba oluvuzayo ungadlula ama-kilopascal angu-200, okwanele ngaphezu kokukwazi ukuphakamisa nokuqhekeka izakhiwo ezilula ezithwele kanzima njengezisekelo zezindlu zokuhlala, imigwaqo yama-driveway, nezakhiwo zezentengiselwano ezinophahla olulodwa, okuholela ezinkingeni zobuhle njengodonga oluphekekile lwe-drywall nezicabha ezibambekayo kanye nezinkinga ezinkulu zokwakheka ezihlanganisa ukuzungezisa kwesisekelo, ukugoba kwe-beam, ngisho nokucekelwa phansi okuphelele kwesakhiwo ezimweni ezinzima. Ngokocwaningo lwezobunjiniyela olwenziwe e-United States, e-China, e-Australia, nakwezinye izifunda ezinobumba obuningi, umonakalo we-inhlabathi evuzayo ubiza kakhulu kunezinhlekelele zemvelo ezihlanganisiwe, okuhlanganisa izikhukhula, iziphepho, nokuzamazama komhlaba, kodwa nokho ihlala iyingozi yobunjiniyela bomhlaba engaqondwa kahle futhi engalindeleki embonini yezokwakha. Onjiniyela ngokomlando bazamile ukulawula inhlabathi evuzayo ngamasu afana nokushintshwa kwenhlabathi ngaphambi kokwakha, ukuzinzisa ngamakhemikhali nge-lime noma usimende, ukulawula umswakama ngokukhipha amanzi kahle, kanye nezinhlelo zezisekelo ezijulile ezingena ngaphansi kwendawo esebenzayo, kodwa lezi zindlela zivame ukubiza, zithathe isikhathi, noma zingathembekile ngokwanele esikhathini eside. Lapha lapho ubunjiniyela besimanje be-geosynthetic buguqule indlela, bunikeza izixazululo eziqondisiwe, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezingagcini nje ngokunciphisa ukuvuvukala nokuncipha kodwa futhi zithuthukise izakhiwo zomhlaba wonke, okwenza ukwakha kubumba oluvuzayo kuphephe, kulindeleke kalula, futhi kungabizi kakhulu kunangaphambili.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-geosynthetic ezinkingeni ze-expansive soil kukhule ngokushesha emashumini eminyaka amathathu adlule, kuqhutshwa ukuthuthuka kwe-polymer science, ukunemba kokukhiqiza, kanye namasu okufaka ensimini okuthuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza nokuthembeka kwalezi zinto zobunjiniyela. Ama-geosynthetics ayimikhiqizo ye-planar polymeric eyenziwe ngama-synthetic polymers afana ne-polypropylene, i-polyethylene, i-polyester, ne-polyamide, futhi aklanyelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ethile ehlanganisa ukuqinisa, ukwehlukanisa, ukuhlunga, ukukhipha amanzi, ukuvikela njenge-barrier, nokulawula ukuguguleka phakathi kwenhlabathi namadwala. Ngokuqondene ne-expansive soils ngokukhethekile, izinhlobo ze-geosynthetic ezivame ukusetshenziswa zihlanganisa ama-geogrids okuqinisa nge-tensile, ama-geotextiles okwehlukanisa nokuhlunga, nama-geomembranes okusebenza njenge-moisture barrier, ngayinye ibhekana nesici esithile se-expansive soil challenge. Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo eziyinhloko, onjiniyela bavame ukufaka imikhiqizo ekhethekile efana nama-geonets okukhipha amanzi ngendlela ye-planar, izinto ze-geocomposite ezihlanganisa imisebenzi yama-geosynthetics amaningi zibe umkhiqizo owodwa ohlanganisiwe, kanye nama-geosynthetic clay liners ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwe-moisture barrier, okwakha izinhlelo eziphelele zokuthuthukisa umhlabathi ezihambisana nezimo ezithile zendawo ngayinye yephrojekthi. Umthetho oyisisekelo ongemuva kwazo zonke izinhlelo ze-reinforced soil ukuthi ukufakwa kwe-polymeric reinforcement ene-tensile strength ephezulu ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi kwakha into ehlanganisiwe eqinile kakhulu, eqinile, futhi engashintshi kalula ngobukhulu kunenhlabathi engaqiniswanga, okuvumela onjiniyela ukuthi bakhe ngokuphephile ezindaweni ebezingadinga ukususwa okukhulu kwenhlabathi noma izisekelo ezijulile.

Ama-geogrid ayizinto zokwakha ezingokwemvelo (geosynthetic) ezibonakala ngokwakheka kwazo okuvulekile, okunegridi, ezinemingcele emikhulu evumela ukuthi inhlabathi ihlangane nokuqiniswa, kwakheke ungqimba oluqinile olusakaza umthwalo endaweni ebanzi futhi lumelane namandla okudonsa adalwa ukukhukhumala nokufinyela kwenhlabathi. Uma ifakwe phakathi nendawo esebenzayo yenhlabathi ekhukhumalayo, ama-geogrid asebenza njengokuqiniswa okudonsayo okuvimba ukunyakaza kwenhlabathi, kunciphisa ubukhulu bokukhuphuka nokwehla okungalingani, kuyilapho futhi kuthuthukisa ukuqina nokukwazi ukuthwala umthwalo kohlelo lokusekela isisekelo. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zama-geogrid ezisetshenziselwa izinhlabathi eziyizikhukhukhumali zihlanganisa ama-biaxial geogrid, anikeza amandla alinganayo kukho kokubili izinkomba zomshini nezinqamulelayo, nama-triaxial geogrid, anikeza ukuqiniswa okuhlanganyele ezinkombeni eziningi okuphumelela kakhulu ekubhekaneni nokunyakaza kwenhlabathi ekhukhumalayo okungahleliwe nokungafani. I-Geofantex Geosynthetics ikhiqiza uhla oluphelele lwemikhiqizo yama-geogrid esezingeni eliphezulu, okuhlanganisa ne-I-PP Biaxial Geogrid kanye nezinye izixazululo ezithuthukisiwe zokuqinisa, konke kukhiqizwa ngaphansi kwezinhlelo eziqinile zokulawula ikhwalithi eziqinisekiswe yi-ISO ukuze kuqinisekiswe izakhiwo ezifanayo zokwelula, ukuzinza kobukhulu, nokuqina kwesikhathi eside ezimweni ezinzima zomhlabathi. Emaphrojekthi omhlabathi owelulayo, ama-geogrids zivame ngokujwayelekile ngaphakathi kwesendlalelo esiyisisekelo se-granular ngaphansi kwesakhiwo sesisekelo noma somgwaqo, lapho zivalela khona i-aggregate, zivimbele ukusabalala okuhlangene, futhi zakhe ipulatifomu eqinisiwe enqamula ukunyakaza kwenhlabathi yendawo futhi isabalalise imithwalo yesakhiwo ngokulinganayo kumhlabathi ongaphansi. I-Ukuqinisa Umhlabathi izixazululo ezinikezwa yiGeofantex ziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukubhekana nezinselele eziyingqayizivele zezindawo ezinobumba olunwebekayo, zihlanganisa amafomula athuthukile e-polymer namasu okukhiqiza akhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokuxhumana nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kokuqinisa.

Ama-geotextile ayizindwangu ze-geosynthetic ezikwazi ukungena amanzi, ezakhiwe ngemicu ye-polypropylene noma i-polyester, ezihlanganiswa ngezinaliti, zihlanganiswe ngokushisa, noma zilukwe zibe amashidi aqhubekayo, futhi zisebenza imisebenzi ebalulekile yokwehlukanisa nokuhlunga, okubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi eside kwezakhiwo ezakhiwe emhlabathini ovuzayo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wokwehlukanisa wama-geotextile uvimbela ukuxubana kwezingqimba zomhlabathi ezihlukene, njengongqimba oluyisisekelo lwamatshe kanye nomhlabathi ongaphansi wobumba, okuthi uma uvunyelwa ukuba uxubane, kuholele ekungcolisweni kwezinto zokwakha, ukulahlekelwa kobukhulu bongqimba, nokonakala ngokushesha komgwaqo noma isimiso sesisekelo. Ezimweni zomhlabathi ovuzayo, ama-nonwoven geotextile abaluleke kakhulu ngoba ahlinzeka nokuhlunga, evumela amanzi ukuba adlule ezindwangu kuyilapho egcina izinhlayiya zomhlabathi, ngaleyo ndlela evimbela ukuthutheleka kwezinhlayiya ezincane zobumba ezingqimbeni zokukhipha amanzi futhi egcina ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lwamanzi ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka yokusebenza. Uhla lwe-GEOFANTEX lwe-Ama-Geotextile Alukiwe kanye Ama-Geotextile Angalukiwezenziwa kusetshenziswa amapholima ezinga eliphezulu kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukile bokuhlanganisa imicu okunikeza ukusatshalaliswa okungaguquki kosayizi wezimbotshana, ukungena okuphezulu, kanye nokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokonakala kwamakhemikhali nezinto eziphilayo ezindaweni zenhlabathi. Uma kusetshenziswa kuhlangene nama-geogrid nama-geomembrane njengengxenye yohlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-geocomposite, ama-geotextile aqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye yenza umsebenzi wayo omisiwe ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa yizingqimba zenhlabathi eziseduze, okudala isisekelo esizinzile, esikhamulayo kahle, nesithuthukisa ukwehlukaniswa, esimelana ngempumelelo nemiphumela elimazayo yokunyakaza kwenhlabathi ekhulayo.

Ama-geomembrane amashidi e-geosynthetic angangenwa manzi enziwe nge-high-density polyethylene (HDPE), i-linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), noma i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), futhi asebenza njengezithiyo zomswakama ezingeni lobunjiniyela ezivimbela ukungena kwamanzi emhlabathini we-expansive clay subgrades, ngaleyo ndlela elawula izinqubo zokumanziswa nokomiswa okujikelezayo eziqhubela izinguquko zomthamo womhlabathi. Ngokufaka isithiyo se-geomembrane ngokuvundlile ngaphakathi kwephrofayili yesisekelo noma ngokuqondile emzuliswaneni wesakhiwo, onjiniyela bangahlukanisa umhlabathi we-expansive emithonjeni yangaphandle yomswakama efana nokungena kwemvula, ukufafaza kokuchelela, namanzi angaphansi komhlaba akhuphukayo, bagcine umswakama ozinzile ngaphakathi kwendawo esebenzayo futhi banciphise kakhulu ubukhulu bokuvuvukala nokufinyela. I-Geofantex ikhiqiza okuhamba phambili emboniniI-HDPE Geomembraneimikhiqizo ebonisa ukumelana namakhemikhali okukhethekile, ukuzinza kwe-UV, kanye nokungena okuncane, okubenza bafanelekele kahle ukusetshenziswa njengezithiyo zomswakama zesikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinomhlabathi onamandla. Ukuklanywa kwezinhlelo ze-geomembrane zezindawo ezinomhlabathi ovuvukalayo kudinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela emininingwaneni yokungena, emaphethelweni, nasezihlotsheni, ngoba ngisho nokonakala okuncane esithiyweni kungavumela ukuhamba komswakama okubeka engcupheni lonke uhlelo, yingakho ukufakwa ngobuchwepheshe ngosonkontileka abanokuhlangenwe nakho kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale ukusebenza okuthembekile ezinhlelweni ezibalulekile zezisekelo.

Ukuphumelela kokusetshenziswa kwezixazululo ze-geosynthetic ezinkingeni zenhlabathi evuzayo kuncike ekuqondweni okuphelele kwezimo zendawo, ekukhetheni izinto ngokucophelela, kanye nasezindleleni ezifanele zokufaka, ngakunye kwalokhu okumelwe kulungiswe ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi. Onjiniyela kumele baqaphele ukuthi azikho izindawo ezimbili zenhlabathi evuzayo ezifanayo, futhi impumelelo yanoma yikuphi ukungenelela kwe-geosynthetic ilingana ngqo nekhwalithi yophenyo lokuqala lwendawo kanye nokufaneleka kwendlela yokuklama eyamukelwe ezimweni ezithile ezitholakele. Izigaba ezilandelayo ziveza izinto ezibalulekile zokuklama okumelwe zibhekwane ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo ze-geosynthetic ezindaweni zenhlabathi evuzayo, kusetshenziswa izinqubo ezinhle ezithuthukiswe emashumini eminyaka ocwaningo, ulwazi lwasensimini, kanye nokuqamba okusha okuqhubekayo kwemikhiqizo ngabakhiqizi abanjengoGeofantex Geosynthetics.

Isisekelo sanoma yimuphi umklamo ophumelelayo we-geosynthetic wezinkundla ezikhulayo (expansive soils) wukuphenya okuphelele kwesiza (geotechnical site investigation) okuchaza ukusabalalisa, ukwakheka kwamaminerali, kanye nezakhiwo zobunjiniyela zezinkundla zobumba ezikhona endaweni yephrojekthi, okuhlanganisa amandla azo okukhukhumala (swelling potential), ingcindezi yokukhukhumala (swelling pressure), inkomba yokuguquguquka (plasticity index), kanye nokuhlukaniswa kokusebenza (activity classification). Ukuhlolwa kwaselebhu okunjengokuhlolwa kokukhukhumala kwamahhala (free swell test), ukuhlolwa kokukhukhumala nokucindezelana kwe-oedometer (oedometer swell-consolidation test), kanye nokuhlolwa kokudonsa komhlabathi (soil suction test) kunikeza idatha yobuningi onjiniyela abangayisebenzisela ukubala ubukhulu bokukhuphuka okulindelekile, ukujula kwendawo esebenzayo, kanye nemingcele yomklamo edingekayo ohlelweni lokuqinisa lwe-geosynthetic. Uphenyo lwasensimini kufanele futhi luhlole izimo zamanzi angaphansi komhlabathi, amaphethini okuhambisa amanzi, imithelela yezitshalo, kanye nokuba khona kwezakhiwo ezikhona noma izinsiza ezingathinta ukusabalalisa komswakama womhlabathi nokusebenza kohlelo lwe-geosynthetic oluhlongozwayo phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwalo sokuklanywa. Idatha eqoqwe ngesigaba sokuhlola isiza ifaka ngqo ekukhetheni izinhlobo ezifanele zemikhiqizo ye-geosynthetic, ukumiswa kokuqinisa, ubukhulu bezithiyo, kanye nemiklamo yezinhlelo zokukhipha amanzi, iqinisekisa ukuthi isixazululo sokugcina sifaniswa ngqo nezimo zangempela zesiza kunokuthembela ekucabangeni okujwayelekile noma izindlela zomklamo ezenziwe lula.

Uma idatha yophenyo lwesiza isitholakala, unjiniyela kumele akhethe imikhiqizo ethile ye-geosynthetic ezohlinzeka ngesixazululo esisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi esonga kakhulu ezimweni zomhlabathi ovuvukalayo ezihlonziwe, ecabangela izici ezinjengezidingo zamandla okudonsa, ukunwebeka lapho kwehluleka, ukumelana nokukhasa (creep), ukuqina kwesikhathi eside, ukuhambisana namakhemikhali, nokusebenza kalula kokufakwa. Ezinhlelweni zokuqinisa, ama-geogrid kumele akhethwe ngokusekelwe emandleni awo okugcina okudonsa, ukusebenza kahle kokuhlangana, ubujamo bezimbobo, nokwakheka kwepholima, kukhethwa ukumiswa kwe-biaxial noma i-triaxial ngokuya ngenkambiso yokunyakaza komhlabathi okulindelekile nezimo zomthwalo ezibekwe yisakhiwo. Ezinhlelweni zokwehlukanisa nokuhlunga, ama-geotextile kumele akhethwe ngokusekelwe kosayizi wawo wokuvuleka okubonakalayo, ukuvumela amanzi (permittivity), amandla okudonsa (grab tensile strength), nokumelana nokugwaza, kuqinisekiswa ukuthi indwangu ihlinzeka ngokugcina umhlabathi ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokuvimba ukuhamba kwamanzi noma ukuvaleka ngezinhlayiya ezicolekile zobumba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ezinhlelweni zokuvimbela umswakama, ama-geomembrane kumele akhethwe ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bawo, ukungena kwamanzi (permeability), ukumelana namakhemikhali, ukuqina emisebeni yelanga (UV stability), namandla emithungo, kanti ama-HDPE geomembrane avame ukukhethwa ngenxa yokuqina kwawo okuphezulu nokumelana namakhemikhali ezinhlelweni ezinzima. Ezimweni eziningi, isixazululo esihle kakhulu sihlanganisa i-geocomposite material ehlanganisa imisebenzi yemikhiqizo eminingi ye-geosynthetic ibe ungqimba olulodwa oluhlanganisiwe, lunciphisa isikhathi sokufaka nobunkimbinkimbi kuyilapho luqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile kwayo yonke imisebenzi edingekayo. Ikhathalogi ebanzi yomkhiqizo we-GEOFANTEX, ehlanganisa ne-innovativeI-Geocomposite amasistimu, anikeza onjiniyela izinketho eziningi zokubhekana nezidingo ezithile zomsebenzi ngamunye womhlabathi owelulayo, esekelwa ukwesekwa okuphelele kwezobuchwepheshe nokwaziswa kokusebenza okuthuthukiswe ngeminyaka yocwaningo nolwazi lokusebenza ensimini.

Ukusebenza kwanoma yiluphi uhlelo lwe-geosynthetic ezinhlelweni zomhlabathi ovuvukalayo kuncike kakhulu ekufakweni okufanele, ngoba ngisho nezinto zekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu ngeke zisebenze ngendlela ehlosiwe uma zilinyazwa ngesikhathi zibekwa, zingadonswa ngendlela efanele, noma zingamboziwe futhi zivikelwe ngokwanele ngesikhathi sokwakha. Ukulungiswa kwesisekelo somgwaqo yisinyathelo sokuqala futhi esibaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokufaka, okudinga ukuthi indawo yobumba ovuvukalayo ilungiswe ibe yisimo esifanele, icindezelwe ibe yisindo esicacisiwe, futhi ingabi nezinto ezibukhali, imfucumfucu, noma amanzi ami angalimaza izinto ze-geosynthetic ngesikhathi zibekwa. Ama-geogrid kufanele afakwe ngobuningi obufanele bokudonsa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimbobo zivuleke ngokugcwele futhi ukuqinisa kusebenze ngaphambi kokuba impahla yokugcwalisa ibekwe futhi icindezelwe, kanti imiqulu elandelanayo ihlanganiswe noma ixhunywe ngomshini ngokusho kwemibandela yomkhiqizi ukuze kugcinwe ukuqhubeka kokuqinisa kuyo yonke indawo. Ama-geotextile kufanele abekwe ngokugqagqana okwanele emalungeni futhi aboshwe ngokuqinile emaphethelweni ukuze avimbele ukugudluka ngesikhathi sokubekwa nokucindezelwa kokugcwalisa, kanti ama-geomembrane adinga ukushiswa ngokucophelela kwemithungo kusetshenziswa izindlela zokushisisa noma zokukhipha, kulandelwe ukuhlolwa okuqinile okungonakalisi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqotho bomthungo ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo lumbonywe.Izixazululo ikhasi kuwebhusayithi yeGeofantex linikeza umhlahlandlela wezobuchwepheshe onemininingwane mayelana nezinqubo ezifanele zokufaka zomkhiqizo ngamunye, lisiza osonkontileka nonjiniyela ukuthi bafinyelele amazinga aphezulu kakhulu obuciko nokusebenza kwesistimu emkhakheni.

Ukusebenza kwezixazululo ze-geosynthetic ezinkingeni zenhlabathi ekhulayo kubonakaliswe ngamaphrojekthi ayikhulu aphumelelayo emhlabeni wonke, kusukela ezisekelweni ezincane zokuhlala kuya emikhiqizweni emikhulu yemigwaqo nengqalasizinda. Izifundo ezilandelayo zibonisa ukuthi izinhlelo ze-geosynthetic eziklanywe kahle futhi zafakwa kahle zinikeze izixazululo ezithembekile, ezingabizi kakhulu ezimweni eziyinselele zenhlabathi ekhulayo ezintweni ezimbili ezivamile: ukuqiniswa kwezisekelo zokuhlala nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo kubumba olukhulayo. Lezi zibonelo zigqamisa izinzuzo ezingokoqobo zobuchwepheshe be-geosynthetic kanye nokubaluleka kokuklanywa kobuchwepheshe nokufakwa kahle ekufezeni izinhloso zokusebenza zesikhathi eside ezimweni ezinzima zomhlaba.

Iphrojekthi yokwakha izindlu eTexas, lapho inhlabathi yobumba enwebekayo enenkomba yokuguquguquka engaphezu kuka-45 kanye nengcindezi yokuvuvukala engu-180 kilopascals yayidale umonakalo omkhulu ezindlini ezazakhiwe ngaphambilini, yadinga isixazululo esisha sesisekelo esasikwazi ukunikeza ukusebenza okuthembekile ngezindleko ezihambisana nesabelomali sokwakha izindlu. Ithimba lobunjiniyela laklama uhlelo lwenhlabathi eqinisiwe oluhlanganisa i-biaxial polypropylene geogrid ebekwe ngaphakathi kwe-granular base course engu-300-millimeter ubukhulu, ngaphansi kwayo kube khona i-nonwoven geotextile separator kanye ne-HDPE geomembrane moisture barrier engu-1.5-millimeter efakwe ngqo phezu kwendawo elungisiwe yomhlabathi. I-geogrid yanikeza ukuqiniswa kokudonsa okwakuvimbela ukusabalala okuhlangeneyo kwe-base aggregate futhi yasabalalisa imithwalo yezakhiwo ngokulinganayo phezu kwenhlabathi yobumba, kuyilapho i-geomembrane yayivimbela ukungena komswakama ebumbeni futhi igcina izimo zomswakama ezizinzile kuyo yonke imizimba yezulu yonyaka. I-geotextile separator yavimbela ukungcoliswa kwe-granular base yinhlabathi yobumba engaphansi, igcina izici zokukhipha amanzi kanye namandla okuthwala imithwalo ohlelweni lwesisekelo esikhathini eside. Ukuqapha kwangemva kokwakhiwa okwenziwa esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu kwabonisa ukuthi izisekelo eziqiniswe nge-geosynthetic zaba nokunyakaza okuhlukile okungaphansi kuka-5 millimeters, uma kuqhathaniswa nokungaphezu kuka-50 millimeters okubonwa ezisekelweni ezakhiwe ngendlela evamile kuhlobo olufanayo lwenhlabathi, okumelela ukuthuthuka okuphindwe kashumi ekusebenzeni okwahumushela ezindongeni ezingenayo imifantu, iminyango namafasitela asebenza kahle, kanye namagugu ezakhiwo aphezulu kakhulu kubaninikhaya.

Umsebenzi omkhulu wokwandisa umgwaqo omkhulu eSouth Australia, lapho ukuhambisana komgwaqo kudlula khona izindawo ezinkulu zobumba olunwebeka kakhulu eline-“free swell index” engaphezu kwe-100%, babhekana nenselelo yokwakha isakhiwo somgwaqo esizohlala sisebenza kahle naphezu kwezinguquko ezinkulu zonyaka emhlabathini ongaphansi. Isixazululo sokuklama sifake uhlelo lwe-geosynthetic enezendlalelo eziningi oluhlanganisa i-triaxial geogrid yokuqinisa izinhlangothi eziningi, i-woven geotextile yokuhlukanisa umhlabathi ongaphansi, kanye ne-I-Drainage Geonetukuba amanzi angena ngaphandle kwezindlela ezihlangene, kanye nesithiyo se-geomembrane sokulawula ukungena kwamanzi endaweni yobumba olusebenzayo. I-drainage geonet yayiyingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo, inikeza indlela yokukhipha amanzi enomthamo omkhulu esheshayo esusa noma imuphi amanzi angena esakhiweni somgwaqo, ivimbela ukunqwabelana komswakama obungadala ukuvuvukala kobumba elingaphansi. Inhlanganisela yokuqinisa, ukwehlukanisa, ukukhipha amanzi, kanye nemisebenzi yokuvimbela kwakha uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lomgwaqo olugcina ubuqotho bayo bokwakheka kanye nekhwalithi yokuhamba ngezikhathi eziningi zokushisa nokomisa, lapho izilinganiso zokuchezuka zibonisa ukuncipha ngamaphesenti angama-70 ekunyakazeni kwesizini uma kuqhathaniswa nezingxenye zomgwaqo ezingaqiniswanga phezu kobumba olufanayo. Lolu hlelo lwabonisa ukuthi izinhlelo ezibanzi ze-geosynthetic, uma ziklanywe kahle futhi zifakwe, zinganikeza izakhiwo zomgwaqo ezihlala isikhathi eside, ezingadingi ukulungiswa okuningi phezu kobumba olunwebekayo olungaphansi, obungadinga ukushintshwa komhlaba okubizayo noma ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali ukuze kuqiniswe. Ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwemiklamo efanayo, i-Izifundo Zezigameko ikhasi kuwebhusayithi ye-Gefantex linikeza imininingwane ebalulekile nedatha yezobuchwepheshe evela ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela emikhakheni eminingi nasezifundeni zomhlaba.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezixazululo ze-geosynthetic ezinkingeni zenhlabathi evuzayo kuguqule ngokuyisisekelo indlela onjiniyela nochwepheshe bokwakha ababhekana ngayo nenselelo yokwakha emhlabathini onzima wobumba, kunikeza inhlanganisela yokusebenza, ukwethembeka, ukonga izindleko, nokusimama okungenakufaniswa nezinye izindlela zendabuko. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zezinhlelo ze-geosynthetic ezisetshenziswayo zenhlabathi evuzayo zifaka phakathi ukunciphisa okukhulu kokunyakaza okuhlukile nokonakala kwesakhiwo, izindleko zokwakha eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zezisekelo ezijulile noma ukushintshwa okuphelele kwenhlabathi, amashejuli okwakha asheshayo, umthelela oncishisiwe wemvelo ngokulondoloza izinsiza zenhlabathi ezikhona, nokuqina kwesikhathi eside okungadlula impilo yokuklanywa kwezakhiwo ezisekelayo. Uma sibheka ikusasa, imikhuba eminingana evelayo ithembisa ukuqhubekisela phambili ukusebenza nokusebenziseka kobuchwepheshe be-geosynthetic ekuphathweni kwenhlabathi evuzayo, okuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwama-geosynthetics ahlakaniphile anezinzwa ezishumekiwe ezingaqapha umswakama wenhlabathi, izinga lokushisa, nokunyakaza ngesikhathi sangempela, kunikeze isexwayiso sokuqala ngezinkinga ezingaba khona futhi kuvumele ukungenelela kokulungisa okusebenzayo. Intuthuko kwisayensi ye-polymer ikhiqiza izinto ze-geosynthetic ezinokumelana nokukhasa okuthuthukisiwe, ukuzinza kwe-UV, ukuhambisana namakhemikhali, nokuqina kwesikhathi eside, okunweba impilo yesevisi yezinhlelo ze-geosynthetic futhi kwandise ukusebenziseka kwazo ezindaweni ezidinga kakhulu. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezixazululo ze-geosynthetic nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokuthuthukisa umhlaba, njengokuxubwa kwenhlabathi, ukuminyaniswa okujulile okunamandla, nokushintshwa kwe-vibro, kwakha izindlela eziyingxubevange ezihlanganisa amandla amasu amaningi ukubhekana nezimo zenhlabathi eziyinselele kakhulu ngendlela engabizi futhi ethembekile. Njengoba imboni yokwakha yomhlaba wonke iqhubeka ingena ezindaweni ezinezimo zenhlabathi ezinzima kakhulu, indima yobuchwepheshe be-geosynthetic ekunika amandla ukuthuthukiswa okuphephile, okusimeme, nokonga ezomnotho iyoqhubeka nokukhula, nezinkampani ezifana ne-Geofantex Geosynthetics ezihola phambili ngokusungula okuqhubekayo, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile, nokuzibophezela okujulile ekunikezeni onjiniyela nosonkontileka amathuluzi angcono kakhulu okwakha emhlabathini oyinselele.

I-geosynthetic umkhiqizo wepolymer oyisicaba owenziwe ngamapholima okwenziwa afana ne-polypropylene, i-polyethylene, noma i-polyester, oklanyelwe ukwenza imisebenzi efana nokuqinisa, ukuhlukanisa, ukuhlunga, ukukhipha amanzi, kanye nokuvimbela umswakama ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi namadwala. Emhlabathini ovuvukalayo, ama-geosynthetics asiza ngokunikeza ukuqinisa okudonsayo okuvimba ukunyakaza kwenhlabathi, ukuvimbela ukuxubana kwezingqimba zenhlabathi, ukulawula ukungena komswakama, nokuthuthukisa ukuzinza okuphelele namandla okuthwala imithwalo yezinhlelo zezisekelo ezakhiwe emhlabathini onzima wobumba.

Uhlobo olungcono kakhulu lwe-geosynthetic yokuqinisa inhlabathi yobumba olwande (expansive clay) kuncike ezimweni ezithile zendawo kanye nezidingo zokuklama, kodwa ama-geogrid ama-biaxial nama-triaxial avame ukucaciswa ngenxa yekhono lawo lokunikeza ukuqiniswa kokudonsa (tensile reinforcement) ezindaweni eziningi. Lawa ma-geogrid ahlangana nempahla eyisisekelo ye-granular base course, enza ungqimba oluzinzile ngomshini (mechanically stabilized layer) oluvimbela ukusabalala okuhlangene, lusabalalise imithwalo, futhi lunciphise ukunyakaza okuhlukile okubangelwa ukukhubazeka nokufinyela kobumba olwande.

Nakuba izixazululo ze-geosynthetic zinciphisa kakhulu ubungozi nobukhulu bomonakalo wenhlabathi ekhulayo, akukho uhlelo lobunjiniyela olungaqeda ngokuphelele konke ukunyakaza kwenhlabathi ngaphansi kwezimo ezeqisayo. Nokho, izinhlelo ze-geosynthetic eziklanywe kahle futhi zafakwa kahle zibonise ikhono lokunciphisa ukunyakaza okuhlukile ngamaphesenti angu-80 kuya kwangu-90 uma kuqhathaniswa nokwakhiwa okungaqiniswanga, okuvimbela ngempumelelo umonakalo wesakhiwo kuzo zonke izimo ezeqisayo ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile kakhulu futhi kunikeza ukusebenza okuthembekile kwesikhathi eside kumaphrojekthi ezindlu, ezohwebo, nengqalasizinda.

Izinto zokwakha eziphezulu ze-geosynthetic ezenziwe nge-polypropylene, i-polyethylene, ne-polyester ziklanyelwe ukuthi zibe nempilo yokusebenza engaphezu kweminyaka engu-50 kuya kwengu-100 uma zifakwe kahle futhi zimbozwe, ngenxa yokumelana kwazo kwemvelo nokubola kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuhlaselwa kwamakhemikhali, nokuqhekeka kwengcindezi yemvelo. I-Geofantex Geosynthetics ikhiqiza yonke imikhiqizo yayo ngaphansi kwezinhlelo eziqinile zokulawula ikhwalithi eziqinisekiswe yi-ISO, isebenzisa amapholima asezingeni eliphezulu namaphakethe athuthukile okuzinzisa aqinisekisa ukuqina kwesikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinzima zenhlabathi.

Ama-geogrid ayizinto zokwakha eziwugridi oluvulekile ezisetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukuqinisa umhlabathi ngokusebenzisa ukuhlangana kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe, ama-geotextile ayizindwangu ezingenawo amanzi ezisetshenziselwa ukwehlukanisa, ukuhlunga, nokuvikela, kanti ama-geomembrane amashidi angangenwa amanzi asetshenziswa njengezithiyo zomswakama ukulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi. Uhlobo ngalunye lomkhiqizo lubhekana nesici esihlukile sokuphathwa komhlabathi ovuvukalayo, futhi avame ukusetshenziswa ndawonye ezinhlelweni ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisa ukuqinisa, ukwehlukanisa, ukukhipha amanzi, nemisebenzi yezithiyo ukuze kuthuthukiswe umhlabathi ngokuphelele.

Inhlabathi evuzayo ingabonwa ngokuhlolwa kochwepheshe be-geotechnical okuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-Atterberg limits, ukuhlolwa kokuvuvukala kwamahhala, ukukalwa kwengcindezi yokuvuvukala, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray diffraction mineralogy ukuze kutholakale ubukhona bamaminerali abavuzayo afana ne-montmorillonite. Izinkomba ezibonakalayo zenhlabathi evuzayo zihlanganisa imifantu ejulile ye-polygonal ebusweni bomhlaba ngezikhathi zomile, ukunamathela nokuba yiplastiki kwenhlabathi uma imanzi, kanye nomonakalo obanzi ezakhiweni ezikhona endaweni, kodwa ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri kubalulekile ukuze kuhlukaniswe ngokunembile nokuklanywa kwezixazululo ezifanele ze-geosynthetic.

Yebo, izixazululo ze-geosynthetic ziyasebenza ekwakheni okusha kanye nasekulungiseni izakhiwo ezikhona ezithintekayo ukunyakaza kwenhlabathi evuzayo, nakuba indlela yokuklama yehluka kakhulu phakathi kwalezi zinhlelo ezimbili. Ekwakheni okusha, ama-geosynthetics afakwa ngesikhathi kulungiswa isisekelo njengengxenye yohlelo lokuqala lokuthuthukisa umhlabathi, kuyilapho ukulungisa izakhiwo ezikhona ngokuvamile kuhilela ukumba umjikelezo nokufaka izithiyo zomswakama ze-vertical geomembrane, ukuqinisa okuvundlile kwe-geogrid eduze kwesisekelo, noma izinhlelo ze-drainage geonet ukulawula izimo zomswakama ezizungeze isakhiwo esithintekile.

I-geocomposite umkhiqizo we-geosynthetic oklanywe ngobunjiniyela ohlanganisa izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezahlukene ze-geosynthetic, njenge-geogrid ehlanganiswe ne-geotextile noma i-drainage geonet efakwe phakathi kwezihlungi ezimbili ze-geotextile, zibe ungqimba olulodwa oluhlanganisiwe olwenza imisebenzi eminingi ngasikhathi sinye. Ama-geocomposites kufanele asetshenziswe lapho izidingo zephrojekthi zidinga imisebenzi ehlanganisiwe njengokuqinisa kanye nokuhlunga noma ukukhipha amanzi kanye nokwehlukanisa, ngoba anciphisa isikhathi sokufaka, enza lula ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi, futhi aqinisekisa ukusebenzisana okuthembekile phakathi kwezinto ezakhiwayo ezimweni ezinzima ze-expansive soil.

Nakuba izindleko zokuqala zezinto zama-geosynthetic zingase zifane nezinye izindlela zendabuko ezifana nokushintshwa kwenhlabathi noma ukuzinzisa nge-lime, izindleko eziphelele zokufaka ngokuvamile ziphansi ngamaphesenti angu-20 kuya kwangu-40 ngenxa yokuncipha kwevolumu yokumba, ukwakha okusheshayo, nezidingo ezilula zemishini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izixazululo zama-geosynthetic zinikeza inani elihle kakhulu lesikhathi eside ngokunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa, ukunciphisa ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo, nokwandisa impilo yokusebenza, okwenza zibe yisinqumo esingabiza kakhulu ezimweni eziningi zenhlabathi ekhulayo uma zihlolwa ngokwezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila.

I-GEOFANTEX Geosynthetics ingumkhiqizi ohamba phambili nomhlinzeki wezinto zokwakha ze-geosynthetic ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezisetshenziselwa ubunjiniyela bempucuko nezemvelo, inikeza uhla olubanzi lwemikhiqizo ehlanganisa ama-geogrids, ama-geotextiles, ama-geomembranes, ama-geonets, ama-geocomposites, kanye nama-geosynthetic clay liners, konke kusekelwa ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi okuqinisekiswe yi-ISO kanye nosekelo lochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe. Ukuze uthole eminye imininingwane, izicaciso zomkhiqizo, nosizo lokuklama oluhlobene nephrojekthi ethile, vakashela iwebhusayithi ye-Geofantex noma xhumana nethimba labo lonjiniyela be-geosynthetic abanokuhlangenwe nakho abangakusiza ukhethe futhi ucacise isixazululo esifanele kunazo zonke sephrojekthi yakho yomhlabathi owandayo.