Imitapo yezobunjiniyela yanamuhla idinga izinto ezingathuthukisa ukuqina, ukuphatha ukugeleza kwamanzi, nokuzinzisa umhlabathi ngaphansi kwezimo eziyinselele. Ama-Geosynthetics avele njengezixazululo ezingenakugwenywa, anikezela ngezinto zobunjiniyela ezenziwe nge-polymeric ezenza imisebenzi ebalulekile njengokuhlukanisa, ukuhlunga, ukukhipha amanzi, ukuqinisa, nokugcina. Kusukela emgqeni wokugcina umswakama ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza kuya ezisekelweni zomgwaqo omkhulu, ukusetshenziswa ngobuchule kwe-geosynthetic kunganweba kakhulu impilo yengqalasizinda kuyilapho kunciphisa izindleko zokwakha nezingozi zemvelo. I-Geofantex Geosynthetics, umkhiqizi oholayo ozinze e-China kusukela ngo-2014, inikezela ngohlu olubanzi lwalezi zinto ezinokusebenza okuphezulu, iqinisekisa ukuthi onjiniyela nosonkontileka bafinyelela emikhiqizweni ethembekile ehambisana nezidingo eziqondile zephrojekthi. Lo mbhalo uhlola isigaba ngasinye esikhulu sama-geosynthetics, uchaza imisebenzi yaso ehlukile, izici zezinto, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuvamile emikhakheni yobunjiniyela bomphakathi neyezemvelo.

Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke kwe-geosynthetics kuguqule izindlela zokwakha zendabuko ngokwethula ezinye izinto ezikhiqiziwe ezilula, ezingagqwali, futhi ezinokungaguquguquki okuphezulu. Ngokungafani nezinto zemvelo, i-geosynthetics inikeza izakhiwo zobunjiniyela ezingabikezelwa futhi zingenziwa ngokwezifiso ngokukhetha i-polymer, izindlela zokukhiqiza, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe. Izigaba eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ama-geotextiles, ama-geomembranes, ama-geogrids, ama-geonets, nama-geocomposites, ngalinye liklanyelwe ukubhekana nezinselele ezithile zobunjiniyela bomhlaba. Ukuqonda umehluko wokusebenza phakathi kwale mikhiqizo kubalulekile ukuze kukhethwe isixazululo esifanele, ngoba ukukhetha okungafanele kungaholela ekuhlulekeni kwephrojekthi, ukulungiswa okubizayo, noma izikweletu zemvelo. Ngokuhlanganisa lezi zinto ekucacisweni kwedizayini, onjiniyela bangazuza ukusebenza okuphezulu ezinhlelweni zokukhipha amanzi, izakhiwo zokulawula ukuguguleka komhlaba, izindawo zokugcina imfucuza, kanye nengqalasizinda yezokuthutha.

Izindwangu Zomhlaba (Geotextiles) ziphakathi kwezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-geosynthetic, ezihlanganisa izindwangu ezikwazi ukungena amanzi ezenziwe ngemicu ye-polypropylene noma ye-polyester. Ziza ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ezilukiwe nezingalukiwe. Izindwangu Zomhlaba ezilukiwe (woven geotextiles), njenge-PP Woven Geotextiles, zikhiqizwa ngokuhlanganisa imicu, okuholela emandleni aphezulu okuqina afanele ukuqinisa umhlaba nokusabalalisa umthwalo. Izindwangu Zomhlaba ezingalukiwe (nonwoven geotextiles), njenge-I-Nonwoven Geotextiles, zikhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlanganisa izintambo noma ukuhlanganisa izintambo ngokushisa, zinikeza izici ezinhle zokuhlunga nokukhipha amanzi. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yama-geotextiles ihlanganisa ukuhlukanisa izendlalelo zenhlabathi ezingafani, ukuhlunga amanzi kugcinwa izinhlayiya zenhlabathi, ukukhipha amanzi angaphezu kwesilinganiso emhlabathini, kanye nokulawula ukuguguleka emithambekeni nasemaphethelweni olwandle. Ekwakhiweni kwemigwaqo, ama-geotextiles avimbela ukuxubana kwenhlabathi engaphansi nezendlalelo eziyisisekelo zamatshe, agcine ubuqotho besakhiwo ngaphansi kwemithwalo yezimoto ephindaphindayo.

Izicelo zokulawula ukuguguleka komhlaba zincike kakhulu emandleni ama-geotextiles okunqanda amandla emvula, ukunciphisa isivinini sokugeleza kwamanzi phezu komhlaba, nokukhuthaza ukumila kwezitshalo. Uma efakwe ngaphansi kwe-riprap noma ama-turf reinforcement mats, lezi zindwangu zisebenza njengezingqimba zokuhlunga ezingapheli ezivimbela ukulahleka komhlaba kuyilapho zivumela amanzi ukuba ageleze ngokukhululeka. I-Geofantex inikela ngama-nonwoven geotextiles e-staple fiber kanye ne-continuous filament, ngalinye lenzelwe izidingo ezithile ze-hydraulic conductivity kanye ne-permittivity. Umsebenzi wokuhlunga ubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokukhipha amanzi ezindongeni ezigcina umhlaba, lapho ama-geotextiles asongwe emanzini ahlanzekile evimbela ukuvaleka kuyilapho egcina ukugeleza kwamanzi okungenasithiyo. Ukwengeza, ama-woven geotextiles avame ukusetshenziswa emigwaqweni egandayiwe nengagandayiwe ukuthuthukisa amandla okuthwala umhlaba ongaphansi, okunciphisa ubukhulu obudingekayo bezingqimba ze-aggregate ngamaphesenti angama-30. Lezi zinto eziguquguqukayo zibonisa ukuthi i-geosynthetic eyodwa ingavame ukufeza izindima eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, inikeze ukusebenza okunezindleko eziphansi ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zobunjiniyela bomphakathi.

Ama-geomembrane asebenza njengezithiyo ezingangeni manzi eziklanyelwe ukuqukatha uketshezi namagesi, okwenza kube izingxenye ezibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokuvikela imvelo. Lezi zinto ngokuvamile zikhiqizwa nge-high-density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), noma i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), kanti i-HDPE iyona evame kakhulu ngenxa yokumelana namakhemikhali nokuqina kwayo okuhle. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-geomembrane ukuvimbela ukuthuthela kokungcola, i-leachate, noma uketshezi olugciniwe emhlabathini nasezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. I-Geofantex ihlinzeka ngekhwalithi ephezulu.I-HDPE Geomembraneimikhiqizo ehlangabezana namazinga omhlaba wonke wamandla okudonsa, ukumelana nokugwazwa, kanye nokumelana nokucindezeleka, okuqinisekisa ukuvinjelwa kwesikhathi eside ezinhlelweni ezinzima njengezindawo zokulahla imfucuza, imisebenzi yezimayini, kanye nezindawo zokugcina uketshezi.

Ukusebenza kwe-geomembrane ekuvimbeleni akugcini nje ekugcineni uketshezi, kodwa kuhlanganisa nokulawula umhwamuko wegesi, okubalulekile ekuphathweni kwegesi yokulahla imfucuza kanye namaphrojekthi wokulungisa indawo. I-geomembrane eyinhlanganisela, ehlanganisa ungqimba lwe-geomembrane olunamathiselwe ku-geotextile noma ku-geonet, ithuthukisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezindawo futhi inikeze ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe ekulimaleni okungokomshini ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Ezinhlelweni zokulahla imfucuza, ama-geomembrane ahlanganiswa nama-geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) ukuze kwakhiwe izinhlelo zokugquma eziyinhlanganisela ezihlanganisa ukungangeni kwamanzi okuphansi kwe-geomembrane kanye nezakhiwo zokuzivalela zobumba le-bentonite. I-GeofantexI-Geosynthetics Clay Linerimikhiqizo ibonisa le ndlela yokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela, inikeza ukusebenza okuphezulu kwamanzi kanye nokufakwa kalula. Ukukhethwa kobukhulu be-geomembrane, ngokuvamile obusuka ku-0.75 mm kuya ku-2.5 mm, kuncike ekhanda le-hydraulic, izimo zomhlabathi, kanye nokuchayeka emakhemikhali. Ukuhlolwa okufanele kwe-scanning kanye nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi kubalulekile ekufezeni umgoqo oqhubekayo, ngoba ngisho namaphutha amancane angaphazamisa ukusebenza kahle kokuvalela.

Ama-Geogrid ayizakhiwo ezinjengethala le-polymeric eklanyelwe ukuqinisa inhlabathi kanye nezingqimba ze-asphalt ngokuhlanganisa nezinhlayiya ze-aggregate. Lezi zinto zisabalalisa imithwalo esetshenzisiwe endaweni ebanzi, zikhulisa amandla okuqina kwenhlabathi futhi zithuthukise ukuzinza okuphelele. Ama-Geogrid ahlukaniswa nge-aperture geometry yawo kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza, okuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwe-uniaxial, biaxial, kanye ne-triaxial. Ama-Geogrid e-Uniaxial anikeza amandla okuqina aphezulu ohlangothini olulodwa, ewenza alungele ukuqiniswa kodonga lokugcina kanye nokuzinzisa emithambekeni emihle. Ama-Geogrid e-Biaxial anikeza amandla alinganiselayo kuzo zombili izinkomba zomshini kanye ne-transverse, avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqiniswa kwe-base course emigwaqweni kanye nezisekelo zezitimela. I-Geofantex ihlinzeka ngama-geogrid aqinile.I-PP Biaxial Biaxial Geogrid imikhiqizo ethuthukisa ukusebenza kwemigwaqo egandayiwe nengagandayiwe ngokuvimbela izinhlayiya ze-aggregate futhi inciphise ukugudluka okuseceleni.

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-geogrids ekuqiniseni umhlabathi kufinyelela nasezindongeni eziqiniswe ngomshini (MSE), lapho ama-grids afakwa phakathi kwezendlalelo zokugcwaliswa okucindezelwe ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo eziqinile eziqondile noma ezicishe ziqonde. Lezi zinhlelo zinikeza ukonga izindleko okukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezindonga zikakhonkolo ezivamile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziyinselele noma ezimweni zomhlabathi ezingezinhle. Ekuqiniseni i-asphalt, ama-geogrids e-fiberglass noma e-polyester abekwa phakathi kwezendlalelo zomgwaqo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuqhekeka okubuyela emuva futhi kwandiswe impilo yomgwaqo. I-GeofantexUkuqiniswa Komhlabathi izixazululo zihlanganisa uhla olubanzi lwemikhiqizo ye-geogrid eklanyelwe izinhlobo ezahlukene zomhlabathi nezimo zomthwalo. Ukhiye womklamo ophumelelayo we-geogrid usekukhetheni okufanele kosayizi we-aperture, i-tensile modulus, kanye ne-rib profile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlangana okusebenzayo kwemishini nezinto zokugcwalisa ezizungezile. Uma icaciswe kahle, ama-geogrids anganciphisa ubukhulu bongqimba lwe-aggregate ngamaphesenti angama-40 ngenkathi ethuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokusatshalaliswa komthwalo okufanayo.

Ama-Geonets ayizinto ezikhethekile ze-geosynthetic ezakhiwe izimbambo ze-polymeric ezihambisanayo noma eziphambanayo ezakha isakhiwo sokukhipha amanzi esicwebezelayo esinomthamo ophezulu wokugeleza ngaphakathi kwendiza. Ngokungafani nama-geotextiles ahlinzeka ngokuhlunga nokukhipha amanzi, ama-geonets aklanyelwe ikakhulukazi ukudlulisa amanani amakhulu oketshezi noma amagesi ngaphakathi kweprofayili emincane. Isakhiwo esivulekile sama-geonets siwavumela ukuthi asebenze njengezendlalelo zokukhipha amanzi ezinhlelweni zokuhlanganisa eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi ekuqoqweni kwe-leachate yokulahla imfucuza nasekusetshenzisweni kokukhipha igesi. I-Geofantex ikhiqiza ama-geonets asezingeni eliphezulu.I-Drainage Geonet imikhiqizo ene-rib geometry elungiselelwe ukuze kukhuliswe amazinga okugeleza kuyilapho kugcinwa amandla okumelana nokucindezela ngaphansi kwemithwalo yomhlabathi. Lezi zinto zivame ukubekwa phakathi kwe-geomembrane kanye ne-geotextile filter, zakhe ungqimba oludlulisayo oluhambisa uketshezi ngempumelelo ezindaweni zokuqoqa.

Umthamo wokugeleza kwe-geonet unqunywa ubukhulu bayo, i-rib angle, kanye nohlobo lwe-polymer olusetshenziswa ekukhishweni. Ama-geonet angakwazi ukuphatha amazinga okugeleza amakhulu ngokuphindaphindiwe kunama-geotextile, okwenza abaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni lapho ukukhipha amanzi ngokushesha kubalulekile. Ezinhlelweni zokumboza indawo yokulahla imfucuza, ama-geonet asebenza njengezingqimba zokukhipha igesi ezivimbela ukunqwabelana kwe-methane namanye amagesi okubola, kunciphisa izingozi zokuqhuma kanye nokukhishwa kwemvelo. Izinhlelo zokukhipha amanzi angaphansi komhlaba nazo ziyazuza ekufakweni kwe-geonet ngemuva kwezindonga ezigcina umhlaba, ngaphansi kwemigwaqo, kanye nasezindaweni ezizungeze izisekelo zezakhiwo ukuze kuncishiswe ingcindezi yamanzi. Uma ihlanganiswa ne-I-Geocomposite ihlanganisa isihlungi se-geotextile ohlangothini olulodwa noma zombili, ama-geonet afinyelela kokubili ukuhlunga nokukhipha amanzi emkhiqizweni owodwa ohlanganisiwe, enza ukufakwa kube lula futhi kunciphisa izindleko zempahla. Ukusebenza kwamanzi kwesikhathi eside kwama-geonet kuncike ekumelaneni kwawo nokukhula nokuvinjwa yizinto eziphilayo, izimfanelo iGeofantex eziqinisekisa ngokulawula ikhwalithi okuqinile nokukhetha ipholima ekhethekile.

Ama-geocomposite ayizinto zokwakha ezenziwe ngobuciko ezihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ze-geosynthetic zibe ngumkhiqizo owodwa ukuze kutholakale izinzuzo zokusebenza ezihambisanayo. Ngokuhlanganisa imisebenzi ehlukene njengokukhipha amanzi, ukuhlunga, ukuqinisa, nokugcina, ama-geocomposite enza ukufakwa kube lula, kunciphisa ukuphathwa kwezinto, futhi kuthuthukise ukwethembeka kwesistimu. I-geocomposite evamile ingase ibe nomgogodla we-geonet ophakathi kwezihlungi ezimbili ze-geotextile, enikeza kokubili ukukhipha amanzi nokuhlunga emgqeni owodwa. Ngokuhlukile, i-geomembrane eyinhlanganisela ihlanganisa i-geomembrane ne-geotextile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokugwaza nezici zokungqubuzana. I-Geofantex inikeza uhla lwezinto ezahlukene.I-Geocomposite izixazululo ezenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisukela ekubekeni udoti emgqonyeni kuya ekukhipheni amanzi emhubheni, ngayinye iklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zamanzi nezemishini.

I-advanteji yama-geocomposite ilele ekwazini kwawo ukuqeda isidingo sokubekwa ngokwehlukana kwezingqimba ezihlukene, kunciphisa isikhathi sokufaka kanye namathuba okwenza amaphutha ekwakhiweni. Ezinhlelweni zokuqoqa amanzi angcolile emgqonyeni wokulahla imfucuza, ungqimba lokukhipha amanzi lwe-geocomposite lungathatha indawo yezingqimba zendabuko zokukhipha amanzi eziyitshe, konga umoya oyigugu futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokuthutha izinto. Ekuvikelweni komthambeka nasekulawulweni kokuguguleka komhlaba, ama-geocomposite ahlanganisa izindwangu zokuhlunga umhlaba nama-geogrid ahlinzeka ngokuhlunga okungaphezulu kanye nokuqiniswa okungaphansi komhlaba. I-Geofantex iphinde ikhiqize ama-geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), okuwuhlobo olukhethekile lwe-geocomposite oluhlanganisa ubumba lwe-bentonite phakathi kwezingqimba ezimbili zendwangu yokuhlunga umhlaba, lunikeza umgoqo ongenawo amandla okungena kwamanzi ozivala ngokwawo lapho usumanzi. Ukukhetha i-geocomposite efanele kudinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwezidingo zokusebenza zephrojekthi, okuhlanganisa amazinga okugeleza kwamanzi, imithwalo yokucindezela, ukuchayeka emakhemikhali, kanye nokuqina kwesikhathi eside. Ngokuhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi ibe ngumkhiqizo owodwa, ama-geocomposite amele indlela engabizi kakhulu futhi eqhutshwa ukusebenza kahle ekwakhiweni kwesimanje kwe-geotechnical.

Izindawo zokulahla imfucuza ziyindlela eyinselele kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-geosynthetics, zidinga izinhlelo eziphelele zokufaka umugqa nokumboza ukuze kuvikelwe amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nekhwalithi yomoya. Kulezi zikhungo, ama-geomembranes asebenza njengezithiyo eziyinhloko ekuhambeni kwe-leachate, kuyilapho ama-geotextiles ehlinzeka ngezendlalelo zokugcina nokuhlunga ukuze avikele i-geomembrane ekubhobozweni. Ama-geonets nama-geocomposites afakwa njengezendlalelo zokukhipha amanzi ukuze aqoqe futhi asuse i-leachate, avimbele ukwakheka kwe-hydraulic head okungaphazamisa ukuqina kokuvala. I-Geofantex ihlinzeke ngezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu eziningi.Indawo Yokulahla Imfucumfucu (Landfill) imisebenzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho eqinile yezemvelo ngokusebenza okuthembekile komkhiqizo. Izinhlelo zokufaka ungqimba oluhlanganisiwe ezifaka ama-GCL ngaphansi kwe-geomembrane zinikeza ungqimba olwengeziwe lokuvikela, zisebenzisa amandla okuzilapha e-bentonite ukuvala amaphutha amancane angase avele ngesikhathi sokufakwa noma sokusebenza.

Izicelo zokwakha imigwaqo zisebenzisa ama-geosynthetics ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwe-subgrade, kuncishiswe ubukhulu be-pavement, futhi kwandiswe impilo yokusebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo enzima yezimoto. Ama-geotextiles abekwe phakathi kwe-subgrade kanye ne-base course avimbela ukuxubana komhlabathi futhi ahlinzeke ngokuhlunga, kuyilapho ama-geogrids eqinisa ungqimba lwe-aggregate ukuze asabalalise izingcindezi futhi anciphise ukuguguleka kwemigwaqo. Emigwaqweni ye-asphalt, ama-fiberglass geogrids afakwa ezindaweni ezibucayi ukuze alawule ukuqhekeka okubangelwa ukubonakala kanye nokuthuthukisa ukumelana nokukhathala. Izindonga ezigcina umhlaba kanye nemithambeka emangele ziyazuza ekuqinisweni kwe-geogrid, okuvumela ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eziqinile eziqondile noma ezicishe ziqonde kusetshenziswa izinto zokugcwalisa ezingabizi kakhulu. Izinhlelo zokuphatha amanzi, ezihlanganisa amachibi emvula, imisele, kanye namadamu, zincike kuma-geomembranes nama-GCLs ukuze kulawulwe ukuvuza kwamanzi, kuyilapho ama-geonets nama-geocomposites ehlinzeka ngokukhipha amanzi angaphansi komhlabathi ukuze kuncishiswe ingcindezi ye-hydrostatic. I-GeofantexUkuphathwa Kwamanzi Angcolile izixazululo zibonisa ukuthi ama-geosynthetics angalungiswa kanjani ukuze abhekane nezindawo ezinamakhemikhali anolaka kanye nemithwalo ephezulu yamanzi ezikhungweni zokwelapha nasezindaweni zokuqukatha zezimboni.

Ukukhetha i-geosynthetic efaneleka kahle kumsebenzi othile kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kwezakhiwo zokusebenza kwento, izimo zendawo, kanye nokulindelekile kokusebenza kwayo. Onjiniyela kumele bahlole izici ezifana namandla okudonsa (tensile strength), ukuhamba kwamanzi (hydraulic conductivity), ukuhambisana namakhemikhali (chemical compatibility), ukumelana nemisebe ye-ultraviolet, kanye nokuqina kwesikhathi eside ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi umkhiqizo okhethiwe uzosebenza ngokuthembekile phakathi nesikhathi salo esihleliwe sokuphila. Ukusebenzisana nomkhiqizi onolwazi njengeGeofantex Geosynthetics, oke wethula izixazululo ezisezingeni eliphezulu kusukela ngo-2014, kunikeza ukufinyelela ebuchwephesheni, amandla okwenza ngokwezifiso, kanye nephothifoliyo ebanzi yemikhiqizo ehlanganisa ama-geotextiles, ama-geomembranes, ama-geogrids, ama-geonets, kanye nama-geocomposites. Izinqubo ezifanele zokufaka, ezihlanganisa ukulungiswa kahle kwe-subgrade, ukuhlanganisa (scanning), kanye nokuhlola ikhwalithi (quality assurance testing), nazo zibalulekile ekufezeni ukusebenza okulindelekile kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lwe-geosynthetic.

Ukuvela kobuchwepheshe be-geosynthetic kuyaqhubeka nokwandisa amathuba obunjiniyela bomphakathi nowemvelo, kunikeza ezinye izindlela eziphila kahle esikhundleni sezinto zokwakha ezijwayelekile. Ngokufaka ama-geosynthetics ekwakhiweni kwephrojekthi, onjiniyela banganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto, banciphise umkhondo wekhabhoni, futhi bathuthukise ukuqina kwengqalasizinda yesikhathi eside. Noma ngabe uhlelo luhlanganisa ukuvalwa kwendawo yokulahla imfucuza, ukuqiniswa komgwaqo, ukuqinisa umthambeka, noma ukuphathwa kwamanzi, kukhona isixazululo se-geosynthetic esiklanyelwe ngqo ukubhekana nenselele. I-Geofantex ihlala izinikele ekusunguleni nasezingeni, inikeza ukwesekwa okuphelele kusukela ekukhetheni umkhiqizo kuze kube ukuqedwa kwephrojekthi. Ukuze uthole umhlahlandlela onemininingwane mayelana nokucacisa i-geosynthetic efanele yephrojekthi yakho elandelayo, hlola uhla oluphelele.I-Geogrid imikhiqizo, I-Geomembrane izixazululo, kanye nezinhlelo eziyinhlanganisela ezitholakalayo zizosiza ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko.